ST. LOUIS • As a crowd huddled against the courtroom door, the bailiff held his ground. “Unless you hold a pass or are indicted for whiskey frauds, you are not permitted to enter,” he declared.

Journalists from every corner of the nation crammed into the U.S. Post Office and Custom House located at 218 North Third Street. The reason? A trial that began on February 8, 1876, and lasted for an astounding 18 days. At the center of all the attention was one Orville E. Babcock, who served as private secretary to President Ulysses S. Grant and was now the alleged mastermind behind the notorious “whiskey ring.”

Babcock had also been Grant’s aide during the final months of the Civil War and was present when Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered on April 9, 1865.

Upon Grant’s subsequent Presidential victory three years down the line, Babcock was brought onto the White House team to manage his correspondence. Prosecutors alleged that Babcock, unbeknownst to others, facilitated a multi-city scheme that enabled liquor distillers to evade taxes. There is, however, no evidence indicating that Grant was involved. His only mistake was blind loyalty.

The national scandal broke here in 1875. Four prominent local men already had been convicted when Babcock went on trial. Every day, crowds gathered on Third Street as Babcock, often attired in silk hat, light jacket and sky-blue pants, sauntered to and from his lodging at the Lindell Hotel, Sixth Street and Washington Avenue.

Prosecutors pieced together a case of incriminating coded telegrams for the jury of seven farmers, three blacksmiths, a wagonmaker and a bricklayer. Defense lawyers had something no one has enjoyed before or since – a deposition by a sitting president, taken in the White House, on behalf of a criminal defendant. They presented Grant’s transcript Feb. 17. That same day, William T. Sherman, then a St. Louis resident and Grant’s wartime brother in arms, took the stand and said of Babcock, “His character has been very good.”

Babcock’s lawyers painted the prosecution as attacking Grant himself, a man who once had been a farmer in south St. Louis County. On Feb. 24, the jury needed only two hours to acquit Babcock of conspiracy to defraud the government.

The jubilation began on Third Street and moved to the Lindell, where Babcock and friends, including Sherman in uniform, held forth from the balcony over Washington. Babcock told the crowd, “I can only thank you most heartily for your kindness.”

He was the only major figure in the scandal to win acquittal, but soon was forced from the White House. Grant made him a lighthouse inspector, and Babcock drowned on duty eight years later.

The Old Custom House, at Third and Olive, was demolished in 1941 to make way for the Gateway Arch grounds.

Read more stories from Tim O’Neil’s Look Back series.

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